Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. He referred to these two perceptions as theory x and theory y. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play.
Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Beyond this point, the two theories of management diverge. Theory x managers believe that their employees come to work just to earn a living, and that they dont want to take on new responsibilities. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. Clearly, a theory y approach sounds more appealing but, in fact, different members of one team might benefit from different management approaches, depending on the situation. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are not in view of a solitary truth. Free xy theory test tool personal and organizational pdf.
Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. In the modern corporation environment, employees motivation plays a pivotal role, thus they should be recognised as a significant part of corporations financial assets. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise.
May 05, 2018 douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Theory x is propounded by mcgregor, which indicates a set of assumptions, that an average worker is motivated to satisfy their own needs and not to contribute to the fulfilment of organisational goals. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregors theorizing as theory xy. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Theory y make assumptions that people in the work force. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. A powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregors theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960.
Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory y is almost in complete contrast to that of theory x. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. The trick is to be aware of your assumptions and to adapt your management style, so that all members of your team can benefit. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s.
Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Alan chapman 200108 based on douglas mcgregors xy theory. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. Managers who use this approach trust their people to take ownership of their work and do it effectively by themselves. Mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. The points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. I knew instinctively that mcgregor s assessment of the traditional view management, which he names theory x, was true because i had worked in x environments for years, trying to run y divisions. Managers with theory x attitudes hold that subordinates dislike work, avoid work if they can, and show little ambition.
Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. The theory x management style is based on a pessimistic view of human nature and assumes the following. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition.
Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the. Aug 11, 2014 douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Theory x directors and theory y managers frequently see their view of individuals affirmed. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Sep 26, 2016 a powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregor s theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management.
Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. The two theories are sets of propositions and beliefs about human nature. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Douglas mcgregor 1960, 1966 classified managers attitudes or belief system, which he called assumptions, as theory x and y.
Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y, sample. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. This is the idea behind douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y. They can only be made to get results at work by the application of. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers.
In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Introduced by douglas mcgregor, theory x and theory y talk about the diverging views that exist about how organizations function. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human. Aug 21, 2015 in 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Theory x is management style where the emphasis is on productivity,on the concept of a fair days work, on the evils of featherbedding and targeted output. According to mcgregor, theory x seeks to promote engagement by directing, monitoring, and rewarding andor punishing the actions of employees, while theory y seeks to promote engagement by promoting worker satisfaction through greater job autonomy and freedom and less supervision carson, 2005. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals.
Douglas mcgregor work is established in motivation theory. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Ulterieurement, les besoins humains evoluant, les individus adoptent les comportements y. Jul 08, 2017 the points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of management and motivation. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and well look at how it. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Given the drawbacks of theory x, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theory y.
I knew instinctively that mcgregors assessment of the traditional view management, which he names theory x, was true because i had worked in x environments for years, trying to run y divisions. Theory x and theory y describe two very different attitudes toward workforce motivation. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm. Workers are committed and can work independently without direction to achieve. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. How far is it applicable to management and employee motivation in contemporary chinese organizations. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y. Mcgregor proposed theory y assumptions about human nature as an alternative to theory x. Theory y theory y expounds a participative style of management that is decentralized.
Mcgregors ideas about theory x and theory y were first articulated in his. A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y emerald. Theory x vs theory y managers because employees have historically been given a flat exchange of time and energy for income, workplace incentives have often been rooted in a fear of loss of employment, in earning potential from extra productivity, or in acquiescing to managerial dominance for promotion. Critically evaluate mcgregors theory x and theory y. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books.
Mcgregor s six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if they can. Organizational communication channel 114,558 views. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. The traditional view of direction and control theory x is based on the assumptions that. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. These managers assume that people dont enjoy work in fact, they would surely avoid doing it. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit.
His theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. In addition, managers who tend to utilize mcgregors theory x generally receive poor results from their employees. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavio. The average person dislikes work and will avoid it if. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. According to theory y, when conditions are favorable, the individual finds work appealing and is highly motivated at need levels maslows hierarchy of needs. On the other hand, if you believe that your people take pride in their work and see it as a challenge, then youll more likely adopt a participative management style. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregors theory y thinking back from pre. The fair approach of theory y makes individuals feel good as a consequence of which they confer themselves wholeheartedly to the association. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s.
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